Manual de derrumbes: Una guía para entender todo sobre los derrumbes. USGS

Manual de derrumbes: Una guía para entender todo sobre los derrumbes. USGS

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Manual de derrumbes:Una guía para entender todo sobre los derrumbes 

Lynn M. Highland
Servicio Geológico de los Estados Unidos


Peter Bobrowsky
Servicio Geológico del Canadá

Documento: 19762
Título: Manual de derrumbes: una guía para entender todo sobre derrumbes.
Autor: Highland, Lynn M; Bobrowsky, Peter.
Fuente: Denver; Sistema Geológico de los Estados Unidos; 2008. 129 p. ilus, graf.
Descriptores:
DESLIZAMIENTOS DE TIERRA. MITIGACION (REDUCCION O ATENUACION) DEL RIESGO. MEDICION DE RIESGO. ANALISIS DE VULNERABILIDAD. ZONA DE RIESGO. FACTORES DE RIESGO

Agradecimientos

Cómo leer esta guía

Introducción

Para obtener más información

Sección I. Información básica sobre los derrumbes

-Parte A - ¿Qué es un derrumbe?

-Parte B - Principales tipos de derrumbes

-Parte C - ¿Dónde ocurren los derrumbes?

-Parte D -¿Qué causa los derrumbes?

-Parte E - ¿Cuáles son los efectos y consecuencias de los derrumbes

-Parte F - Interrelación de los derrumbes con otros peligros naturales

Sección II. Evaluando y comunicando el peligro de derrumbe

-Parte A - Evaluación del peligro de derrumbe

-Parte B - Comunicación del peligro de derrumbe

Sección III. Conceptos y enfoques para la mitigación

-Parte A - Examen general de los métodos de mitigación para diversos tipos de peligros de derrumbes

-Parte B - Técnicas sencillas de mitigación para el hogar y negocios, administradores y ciudadanos

-Parte C - Lista de trabajos consultados/citados/nombrados y para lecturas más avanzadas

Apéndice A. Información básica sobre derrumbes

- Parte 1. Glosario de términos relativos a los derrumbes

- Parte 2. Partes de un derrumbe: descripción de rasgos/glosario

- Parte 3. Causas de los derrumbes y mecanismos disparadores

Apéndice B. Introducción a las herramientas para la evaluación de los derrumbes: cartografìa, teledetección y control de derrumbes

- Parte 1. Cartografía

- Parte 2. Teledetección y otras herramientas que muestran características de los derrumbes

- Parte 3. Control de derrumbes en tiempo real e instrumentación empleada en los derrumbes

Apéndice C. Introducción a la estabilización y mitigación de derrumbes

- Parte 1. Estabilización/mitigación en la deras de tierra

- Parte 2. Técnicas de estabilización/mitigación de taludes de roca

- Parte 3. Mitigación de corrientes de escombros

Apéndice D. Ejemplo de información sobre seguridad para distribuir en caso de deslizamientos de tierra o corrientes de escombros

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56 años numero de emergencias 911/ 56 years 911 emergency number

56 years 911 emergency number / 50 años numero de emergencias  911

56 años del 911

14:00

16 de febrero de 1968. Primera llamada al 9-1-1 "911" El 16 de febrero de 1968, políticos de Haleyville, Alabama, hicieron una llamada de prueba al nuevo número de teléfono de emergencia del país, el 9-1-1.

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/first-9-1-1-call/

DESCARGAR PDF en ENG

El Numero 911 nacio el 16 de Febrero del año 1968, en Haleyville. Alabama EUA. 

February 16, 1968, first 911 call is made, emergency system fueled by shocking murder

https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/day-history-february-16-1968-050213268.html
Kerry Byrne
Fri, February 16, 2024


On this day in history, February 16, 1968, first 911 call is made, emergency system fueled by shocking murder
The nation's first 911 emergency call was placed by an Alabama state politician on this day in history, Feb. 16, 1968.

The landmark moment came four years after the shocking unreported murder of a New York City woman proved to many Americans the need for a standard and easy-to-use system to call for emergency assistance.

"Senator Rankin Fite completed the first 911 call made in the United States in Haleyville, Alabama," writes NENA.org, the website of the National Emergency Number Association.

ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY, FEBRUARY 15, 1903, THE FIRST TEDDY BEAR GOES ON SALE

"The serving telephone company was then Alabama Telephone Company. This Haleyville 911 system is still in operation today."

Before the advent of 911, people had to make a direct call to local emergency services, a nearby police station or a firehouse, most likely after sifting through the pages of the phone book — a large tome in major metropolitan areas.

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Kitty Genovese
A studio photo of Catherine "Kitty" Genovese, 28. No help was offered when she was knifed on Austin Street in Kew Gardens, Queens, in a crime that disgraced New York City. The shock over her murder helped lead to the creation of the 911 emergency phone number system.
They might also dial "0" for operator and ask to be connected to a local service.

It was an ineffective system. It was often a deadly system.

Kitty Genovese, 28, was attacked with a knife on the night of March 13, 1964. She bled to death in the stairwell of her Queens apartment, PBS documentary "Independent Lens" reported in 2017.

Police found that 38 people heard the woman cry for help, The New York Times reported after the murder.

Yet none apparently called emergency services — or those few who did try to call were unable to reach police or got no response.

APPLE CRASH AND FALL TECH INUNDATING 911 DISPATCHERS WITH AUTOMATED CALLS, REPORTS SAY

There was no direct number or other system in place for people to report an emergency. The outcry was intense.

"While the history is a little more complex than that," PBS reports, "it’s true that the tragedy was one of the inspirations for the system we know today."

911 dispatchers
Denver Police dispatcher Raymond Rowland works at his station on Thursday, Nov. 1, 2018. The Denver Police Department is considering encrypting all of its radio channels, meaning the public will not be able to listen in via scanners as field officers communicate with dispatchers at the 911 center.
The 911 emergency phone number is now widely used across North America, and is synonymous with "distress" in both the United States and Canada.

It arose and still exists as the primary and largely effective system to reach emergency services in the United States without an official government mandate or federal law, though officials in Washington, D.C., did help encourage the system.

THESE ODD LAWS IN AMERICA ADDRESS BANNED TATTOOS, PINK BUTTER, POKER PLAYING AND MORE

The National Association of Fire Chiefs recommended a universal emergency number for reporting fires in 1957.

A presidential commission got behind the concept of a universal number for all emergency situations in 1967.

Finally, "in November 1967, the FCC met with the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) to find a means of establishing a universal emergency number that could be implemented quickly," writes NENA.org.

"In 1968, AT&T announced that it would establish the digits 911 (nine-one-one) as the emergency code throughout the United States."

The 911 combination was chosen for a variety of reasons — two most notably.

One, it was easy to remember and quick to call, even on the rotary phones of the era.

Two, the 911 combination had not been used as an area code, service code or local exchange.

The phone number 911 was, in other words, unique to emergency services and has been ever since.

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The proliferation of 911 across the country is a fairly recent phenomenon — shockingly recent to many observers.

Only half of Americans had access to emergency services by dialing 911 as recently as 1987, according to NENA.

Kitty Genovese murder
The 1964 murder of Kitty Genovese, which helped spark the creation of a 911 emergency phone number system, was still front-page news in New York City 31 years later.
"At the end of the 20th century, nearly 93% of the population of the United States was covered by some type of 9-1-1 service. Ninety-five percent of that coverage was Enhanced 911. Approximately 96% of the geographic U.S. is covered by some type of 911."

The first emergency phone number in the world was 999, introduced in London in 1937, according to World Population Review.

Los Angeles established an emergency line — 116 — in 1946, decades before the universal 911 number was established.

Three-digit emergency phone numbers now exist in most nations around the world.

For more Lifestyle articles, visit www.foxnews.com/lifestyle



Original article source: On this day in history, February 16, 1968, first 911 call is made, emergency system fueled by shocking murder

 56 years of 911: The small town that revolutionized emergency response
"Hello?" answered Alabama Rep. Tom Bevill on Feb. 16, 1968, during the first-ever test call of the 911 emergency system that's now been in use for decades nationwide.
By Daniel Uria  |  Feb. 16, 2018 

50 years 911 emergency number / 50 años numero de emergencias  911

The president of a rural telephone company took the initiative to establish the first 911 emergency system in a small northwest Alabama town exactly 50 years ago Friday.

At 2 p.m. on Feb. 16, 1968, in Haleyville, Ala., Speaker of the Alabama House Rankin Fite made the first 911 call -- from Haleyville Mayor James Whitt's office to U.S. Rep. Tom Bevill, who answered the test call with a "hello?" on a bright red phone in the police station.

The call was the very first use of the now-universal three-digit emergency number that quickly connects Americans in distress to dispatchers and first responders.

"It doesn't matter where you are from or where you are at -- 911 is the universal emergency phone number," Haleyville Chamber of Commerce President Mike Evans told UPI. "Personally, I think all Alabamians -- especially in Haleyville -- swell with pride knowing that the work and ingenuity to make this idea a reality came to fruition here."

After settling on the numbers "9-1-1" -- three digits that weren't already in use for any phone number or area code -- the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and carrier AT&T set out to build the first emergency phone system in Huntington, Ind.

Bob Gallagher, president of Alabama Telephone Co., read about the FTC-AT&T plan in the Wall Street Journal and decided it was Haleyville -- a town of about 4,000 residents located 65 miles northwest of Birmingham -- that should try the system first.

"Bob was a little offended because the independent telephone companies had not been included in the decision," Haleyville Mayor Ken Sunseri, James Whitt's son-in-law, told Alabama Newscenter. "He got with his inside plant manager, Robert Fitzgerald, and they evaluated the company's 27 phone systems and chose Haleyville as the site where it made sense to make the first 911 call."

After quick approval from Continental Telephone and the Alabama Public Service commissioner, Gallagher announced on Feb. 9, 1968, that the Alabama Telephone Company would make history.

Fitzgerald and his team traveled from Fayette to Haleyville, where they worked overnight throughout the following week to lay the foundation for the system that would revolutionize emergency response services -- and become a household number nationwide.

Nome, Alaska, was next to implement a 911 service on Feb. 22, 1968 -- and in March 1973, the White House's Office of Telecommunications issued a national policy statement encouraging nationwide adoption of 911, according to the National Emergency Number Association.

"I don't think that anybody realized the effect that it would have nationwide," Sunseri told UPI. "There's over 200 million 911 calls made yearly. When people are in need, whether they need police, fire, ambulance or medical, this is the first line they call in some of the worst times people have in their lives."

"In the decades since the first 911 call, emergency communications services have improved and expanded to better respond to accidents, disasters, public safety threats, health emergencies, and other life-threatening situations," the White House said Friday in a presidential message commemorating 911 Telecommunicators Day. "Today, 911 services are available to roughly 97 percent of the geographic United States. Advances in technology have made this system more widespread, precise, and efficient -- enabling dispatchers to provide rapid response and timely assistance when the difference between life and death can be only a matter of seconds.

"Though we rarely see these heroes, we witness their around-the-clock devotion, and we owe them our deepest gratitude and appreciation for all that they do."

Nearly five decades after it made history, Haleyville again found itself at the center of another advancement in 911 technology. Last October, it placed the first call of Alabama's statewide Internet protocol-based Next Generation 911 network.

"Alabama has always been on the forefront when it comes to 911," Winston County 911 Communications Director James Webb, whose uncle laid telephone line for the first 911 system, said. "We count that kind of a unique opportunity to be part of history being made again in the same place where it started 50 years ago."

To mark its role in history, Haleyville holds a "911 Festival" every year during the first weekend in June. The event remembers the historic call and celebrates its local first responders.

"Many of our local companies and employers are local families that stepped out with a spirit of adventure and were driven by a good idea and the desire to succeed," Evans said. "We like to think that innovation is not reserved for a special part of the country -- and not limited by the grandeur of the vision, but the lack thereof." 

50 years 911 emergency number / 50 años numero de emergencias  911


 https://www.upi.com/50-years-of-911-The-small-town-that-revolutionized-emergency-response/3811518491798/

56 years 911 emergency number / 56 años numero de emergencias 911

https://emssolutionsint.blogspot.com/2018/02/50-years-911-emergency-number-50-anos.html

WORLD LIST Emergency telephone numbers / Mapa del Mundo de los números de emergencias

https://emssolutionsint.blogspot.com/2012/04/world-list-emergency-telephone-numbers.html

¿COMO LLAMA AL NUMERO LOCAL DE EMERGENCIAS 112 Europa / 911 Mayoría países Américas? ¿Cómo llamar a una ambulancia?

https://emssolutionsint.blogspot.com/2016/08/como-llama-al-numero-local-de.html

SÍ TIENES UNA EMERGENCIA EN CUALQUIER PAÍS DE LA UE, LLAMA AL 112 Emergencias (1-1-2) 1.1.2. Dia Europeo del 112 Febrero 11

https://emssolutionsint.blogspot.com/2017/03/si-tienes-una-emergencia-en-cualquier.html

NUEVO SISTEMA 911 EN REPUBLICA DOMINICANA

https://emssolutionsint.blogspot.com/2013/01/nuevo-sistema-911-en-republica.html

1er edificio Gubernamental Dominicano 100% Cardio-Protegido. Sistema Nacional de Atención a Emergencias y Seguridad 9-1-1 República Dominicana. Videos

https://emssolutionsint.blogspot.com/2013/06/apoyamos-el-nuevo-sistema-911-de-la.html

posted by Dr. Ramon Reyes, MD ∞🧩 𓃗

#DrRamonReyesMD ∞🧩 @DrRamonReyesMD

World Wide Hospital Ships

USNS Mercy

World Wide Hospital Ships

Sometimes it is difficult to understand the scope of American military power relative to that of the rest of the world. This graphic illustrates America's Hospital Ships, and those of the rest of the world. Each image is an accurate depiction of the ship as seen from the side, all to a common scale.

Many centuries before our era, the Athenian fleet included a vessel called 'Therapia,' while in the Roman fleet was a ship bearing the name 'Aesculapius.' Their names have been taken by some authors as indicating that they were hospital ships. All we know with certainty is that at the beginning of the XVIIth century it became customary for naval squadrons to be accompanied by special vessels entrusted with the task of taking the wounded on board after each engagement. It was, however, not until the second half of the XIXth century that the practice really developed. During the Crimean War, more than 100,000 sick and wounded were repatriated to England on board hospital transports. Thereafter, no military expedition was ever undertaken without the necessary ships being assigned to evacuate soldiers from the combat area and give them the medical treatment they might require.

During the First World War, hospital ships were used to an increasing extent, despite the serious disputes and grave incidents which arose between the belligerents in this regard and to which we have already referred. In most instances, passenger liners were converted for use as medical transports. When the Second World War came, hospital ships specially designed for the purpose were built, and consequently the accommodation for patients was greatly improved. Because bases were far apart and hospitals on land in short supply in the Pacific war theater, the American forces brought into service ships which were really floating hospitals, able to give complete medical and surgical treatment.

The international legal definition of a Hospital Ship is found in "Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" done in Geneva, 12 August 1949. For brevity the second of the four Geneva Conventions done at that time is called "the Second Convention". Article 22 of this Convention states "Military hospital ships, that is to say, ships built or equipped by the Powers specially and solely with a view to assisting the wounded, sick and shipwrecked, to treating them and to transporting them, may in no circumstances be attacked or captured, but shall at all times be respected and protected, on condition that their names and descriptions have been notified to the Parties to the conflict ten days before those ships are employed. The characteristics which must appear in the notification shall include registered gross tonnage, the length from stem to stern and the number of masts and funnels." Article 41 stipulates that "Under the direction of the competent military authority, the emblem of the red cross on a white ground shall be displayed on the flags, armlets and on all equipment employed in the Medical Service. Nevertheless, in the case of countries which already use as emblem, in place of the red cross, the red crescent or the red lion and sun on a white ground, these emblems are also recognized by the terms of the present Convention."

And Article 43 requires that "All exterior surfaces shall be white. One or more dark red crosses, as large as possible, shall be painted and displayed on each side of the hull and on the horizontal surfaces, so placed as to afford the greatest possible visibility from the sea and from the air." The essential thing is that it should be as clear as possible that the vessel is a hospital ship. Similarly, the reference to "dark red" obviously does not mean that a ship on which the red crosses were of another shade would not be protected. This is merely a recommendation intended to increase the effective security of a floating hospital by providing a better colour contrast. It is clear from the records that the lack of an up-to-date system of marking, visible at a great distance, was the cause of most of the attacks made on hospital ships during the Second World War.

There is nonetheless no hard and fast precise definition of a "Hospital Ship" and some vessels listed on the Hospital Ship International (HSI) Fleet Registry are not included here, while some vessels included here are not on the HSI list. The HSI list is an attempt at a comprehensive inventory of medical / health care purpose vessels / craft that are flagged, registered, homeported and/or operate mainly under specific nations or organizations. Ths HSI list characterizes the Italian San Giorgio class small dock landing ships as "not technically a hospital ship this vessel was designed with the purpose of being if necessary converted rapidly into one especially for disaster relief(especially earthquakes)." But this is the case with all amphibious landing ships.

Currently, hospital ships may be conveniently partitioned into five types:

1. YH - Hospital Launches - A number of countries -- including at least Bolivia, Brazil, Camaroon, Chile, Peru, and Thailand -- operate small Hospital Launches that provide medical assistance to local populations living on rivers or lakes. These riverine and lacustrine craft are not sea going, and may be operated by either the country's Navy or some other governmental department. Two of the Brazilian vessels carry the traditional green cross markings of a civilian hospital ship.
2. AHL - Small Medical Support Ships - At least three countries - India, Indonesia, and Mexico - operate ocean-going military vessels that are equiped to provide humanitarian assistance medical services, while also serving a domestic sovereignty presence function. These ships do not primarily function as hospital ships, nor are they hospital ships under international law. Of these ships, the Indian and Mexican ships are neither white nor provided with distinctive markings. The Indonesia vessel is not white, and though it is marked by a large red cross, it is also armed, which disqualifies it from protection as a hospital ship under interntational law.
3. APH - Personnel Transport, Evacuation - Three countries - Germany, the United Kingdom, and China - operate large multi-purpose amphibious support ships that can provide for both combat casualty evecuation and humanitarian assistance medical support. These ships do not primarily function as hospital ships, nor are they marked as hospital ships under international law.
4. AH - Civilian Hospital Ships - There are currently two entirely civilian hospital ships. The Labor Ministry in Spain operates the Juan de la Cosa to support the Spanish fishing fleet at sea. And Mercy Ships International operates the non-governmental M/V Africa Mercy which provides medical assistance in ports of call in Africa.
5. AH - Hospital Ships - Three countries - Russia, China, and the United States - currently operate Hospital Ships. The three Russian vessels of the Ob'b class have been largely inactive in recent years, though they have been proposed for commercial charter. The United States operates two very large hospital ships of the T-AH-19 Mercy class. In the 1990s China converted two or three Qiongsha-class Attack Transports into hospital ships, and may have recently purchased an Ob'-class ship from Russia. PLA's first new large Hospital Ship was launched in Guangzhou on 29 August 2007. In August 2008 the Type 920 Hospital ship was reported to have successfully conducted a sea trial. This is the world's second largest hospital ship, after the two American ships, providing China with a major new capability to support amphibious operations.

YH - Hospital Launches
AHL - Small Medical Support Ships

APH - Personnel Transport, Evacuation

AH - Civilian Hospital Ships

AH - Hospital Ships

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/hospital-ships.htm

Dr Ramon REYES, MD,
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