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Nota Importante

Aunque pueda contener afirmaciones, datos o apuntes procedentes de instituciones o profesionales sanitarios, la información contenida en el blog EMS Solutions International está editada y elaborada por profesionales de la salud. Recomendamos al lector que cualquier duda relacionada con la salud sea consultada con un profesional del ámbito sanitario. by Dr. Ramon REYES, MD

Niveles de Alerta Antiterrorista en España. Nivel Actual 4 de 5.

Niveles de Alerta Antiterrorista en España. Nivel Actual 4 de 5.
Fuente Ministerio de Interior de España

lunes, 14 de septiembre de 2020

HOLTER

 


El Holter es un dispositivo electrónico de pequeño tamaño que registra y almacena el electrocardiograma del paciente durante al menos 24 horas de forma ambulatoria. Hablamos de él 

El Holter es un dispositivo electrónico de pequeño tamaño que registra y almacena el electrocardiograma del paciente durante al menos 24 horas de forma ambulatoria (en el domicilio, sin necesidad de llevarlo a cabo en el hospital). Suele emplearse en pacientes con sospecha de arritmia cardiaca o para diagnosticar una isquemia (falta de riego sanguíneo) del músculo cardiaco.

Cómo se realiza el Holter
Al paciente se le colocan en el tórax varios electrodos conectados a un Holter del tamaño de un teléfono móvil, que funciona con baterías o pilas. Tiene una banda de sujeción que se lleva sobre el hombro o alrededor de la cintura. Transcurrido el tiempo de registro de la actividad eléctrica del corazón (normalmente 24-48 horas), el dispositivo se conecta a un ordenador donde se descargan todos los datos recogidos, se procesan y se obtiene información muy útil sobre la frecuencia cardiaca y las posibles alteraciones del ritmo (arritmias).

Cuando los síntomas son poco frecuentes el Holter convencional tiene una eficacia limitada, ya que el periodo de registro puede no coincidir con el momento en que se manifieste ese síntoma concreto. En estos casos se utiliza un Holter implantable subcutáneo, de tamaño más pequeño y que se coloca bajo la piel mediante anestesia local. Tiene dos placas en su superficie que actúan a modo de electrodos, registrando así una derivación del electrocardiograma y almacenando de forma continua la actividad eléctrica del corazón en una memoria. Al paciente se le proporciona un activador externo o pulsador (enseñándole previamente cómo debe usarlo) que tendrá que activar o pulsar en el caso de presentar síntomas (como palpitaciones, latidos irregulares, mareo, dolor en el pecho, etc.); en ese momento se graba la información del electrocardiograma para que cuando el paciente acuda a la visita con el cardiólogo este pueda recoger la información del dispositivo. De esta manera lo que se consigue es que se pueda establecer una relación entre los síntomas que presenta el paciente y las alteraciones que puedan aparecer en el electrocardiograma durante esos episodios, sabiendo si la causa de los síntomas son arritmias y, en caso de que las haya, tratarlas convenientemente. La duración del holter implantable es de aproximadamente 12 meses, con la posibilidad de realizar hasta 400 activaciones (pulsaciones del botón).


El paciente
Durante el tiempo que lleve el Holter (24-48 horas en caso de ser un Holter externo) el paciente deberá realizar su actividad cotidiana diaria sin limitaciones. El paciente recibirá una hoja con sus datos y la hora de inicio de la grabación, donde anotará las posibles incidencias que perciba (palpitaciones, latidos irregulares, mareo, dolor en el pecho, etc.). Esto permitirá que el cardiólogo analice el registro del electrocardiograma justo en el momento en que se produjo la molestia.

https://fundaciondelcorazon.com/informacion-para-pacientes/metodos-diagnosticos/holter.html



Agua y Alimentos en una Emergencia FEMA / CRUZ ROJA AMERICANA

Agua y Alimentos en una Emergencia FEMA American Red Cross

Enlace para bajar documento en pdf desde American Red Cross

martes, 8 de septiembre de 2020

¿Cual es la mascarilla mas adecuada contra el Covid-19? Lo explican los farmacéuticos de España. Infografias


Los farmacéuticos explican cuál es la mascarilla más adecuada según la edadEl Cgcof recuerda que su correcto uso debe incluir el tapado de boca y nariz



LUN 07 SEPTIEMBRE 2020. 17.40H 

 REDACCIÓN MÉDICA


Una de las principales novedades de la vuelta al cole para el curso 2020-2021 es la obligatoriedad del uso de la mascarilla para los alumnos mayores de 6 años y su recomendación para los mayores de 3 años. Ante esta circunstancia, la Organización Farmacéutica ha elaborado una infografía en la que se explican, sencilla pero rigurosa, diversos aspectos para garantizar su adecuado uso entre la población escolar. Se trata de información de servicio público que es importante que conozcan y compartan profesores, padres y alumnos para hacer de las aulas y colegios espacios seguros frente al coronavirus.


-Consúlte aquí la infografía de recomendaciones elaborada por el Cgcof-


Este material elaborado por el Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Farmacéuticos (CGCOF), que representa a los más de 75.000 farmacéuticos colegiados y a la red de 22.104 farmacias que hay en España, aborda las cuestiones más comunes que se pueden plantear en torno al uso de las mascarillas entre los escolares. ¿Cómo elegir la mascarilla?, ¿cómo poner y quitar la mascarilla?, ¿cuántas horas pueden llevarlas?, ¿Cómo lavar las mascarillas higiénicas reutilizables? O ¿Qué otros consejos podemos recodar a nuestros hijos? son algunas de las preguntas a las que se responde con un decidido enfoque didáctico. Y es que los farmacéuticos, los profesionales sanitarios más accesibles a la población, alertan de que el cumplimiento correcto de esta medida de salud pública es fundamental para frenar los contagios de la Covid-19


Así, se insiste en la necesidad de elegir la talla de mascarilla higiénica infantil más apropiada según el rango de edad de los menores, reguladas por las normas UNE 0064-2 y UNE 0065, que establecen una medida específica para cada una de ellas. En concreto existen 3 tallas, cada una de ellas para un rango de edad: la pequeña, para niños de 3 a 5 años; la mediana, para niños de 6 a 9 años; y la grande, para niños de 10 a 12 años.


También, se recuerda que la eficacia de las mascarillas higiénicas no reutilizables se sitúa, aproximadamente, en las 4 horas de uso; y que las mascarillas higiénicas reutilizables deden lavarse a 60º de tempetarura, y respetamendo el número máximo de lavados.


Uno de los riesgos del uso de la mascarilla es que se puede crear una falsa sensación de seguridad. Por eso, la infografía que el Consejo General de Farmacéuticos pone a disposición de toda la comunidad escolar, padres y alumnos también insiste en la necesidad de que los menores cumplan y respeten el resto de medidas de prevención como la distancia social mínima de 1.5 metros o el frecuente lavado de manos con agua y jabón o gel hidroalcohólico.



Mas sobre mascarillas en el enlace 

sábado, 5 de septiembre de 2020

COVID-19 Actividades para Niños

 

🧒👧Los niños y niñas han hecho un buen trabajo siguiendo las medidas de prevención de la #COVID19 

DESCARGAR

🎨Este libro de actividades les ayudará a refrescar todo lo que han aprendido. Al finalizarlo, los más pequeños tendrán su diploma 🏅

How coronavirus 2019-nCoV spreads on a plane—and the safest place to sit by NatGeo

Here’s how coronavirus spreads on a plane—and the safest place to sit
Global travel opens new roads for outbreaks, like coronavirus and the flu—but which is more dangerous, and how can you stay safe?  BY AMY MCKEEVER
Passengers in window seats have the lowest likelihood
of coming in contact with an infected person
...but illnesses are most likely to be transmitted only to
passengers within one row of the infected person.

WHEN AN OUTBREAK strikes, it is natural to become leery of hopping on an airplane. It is even more alarming when two serious viruses are circulating at once.

The world is gripped by a new coronavirus that started in China and has since moved into more than two dozen other countries, including the United States. Meanwhile, it is also flu season, which so far has caused 10,000 deaths in the U.S.

Major airports have begun screening passengers for the coronavirus, and more than three dozen airlines—including Delta, American and United—have cut their flights to mainland China. But those measures may not provide much solace to anyone who has to board a flight.

After all, you can avoid the person who is sneezing in line at Cinnabon, but you’re more or less left to fate once you’ve strapped on that seatbelt inside a flying metal canister.

While there is still much to learn about the Wuhan outbreak, scientists do know a bit about similar coronaviruses and other respiratory illnesses like influenza. So how do those viruses spread—and specifically on airplanes? And how serious is the coronavirus threat compared to the likes of influenza? Let’s take a look.

How do respiratory illnesses spread in general?
If you’ve ever sneezed into your arm or steered clear of an office colleague with a hacking cough, you already know the basics of how respiratory illnesses spread.

When an infected person coughs or sneezes, they shed droplets of saliva, mucus, or other bodily fluids. If any of those droplets fall on you—or if you touch them and then, say, touch your face—you can become infected as well.



SCIENCE
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These droplets are not affected by air flowing through a space, but instead fall fairly close to where they originate. According to Emily Landon, medical director of antimicrobial stewardship and infection control at the University of Chicago Medicine, the hospital’s guidelines for influenza define exposure as being within six feet of an infected person for 10 minutes or longer.

“Time and distance matters,” Landon says.

Respiratory illnesses can also be spread through the surfaces upon which the droplets land—like airplane seats and tray tables. How long those droplets last depends both on the droplet and the surface—mucus or saliva, porous or non-porous, for example. Viruses can vary dramatically in how long they last on surfaces, from hours to months.

There’s also evidence that respiratory viruses can be transmitted through the air in tiny, dry particles known as aerosols. But, according to Arnold Monto, professor of epidemiology and global public health at the University of Michigan, it’s not the major mechanism of transmission.

“To be sustained, to allow true aerosols, the virus has to be able to survive in that environment for the amount of time it’s exposed to drying,” he says. Viruses would rather be moist, and many fade from being infectious if left dry for too long.

What does that mean for airplanes?
The World Health Organization defines contact with an infected person as being seated within two rows of one another.


But people don’t just sit during flights, particularly ones lasting longer than a few hours. They visit the bathroom, stretch their legs, and grab items from the overhead bins. In fact, during the 2003 coronavirus outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a passenger aboard a flight from Hong Kong to Beijing infected people well outside the WHO’s two-row boundary. The New England Journal of Medicine noted that the WHO criteria “would have missed 45 percent of the patients with SARS.”

Inspired in part by that case, a team of public health researchers set out to study how random movements about the airplane cabin might change passengers’ probability of infection.


Passengers in window seats have the lowest likelihood

of coming in contact with an infected person...

Probability of direct contact with the infected person


...but illnesses are most likely to be transmitted only to

passengers within one row of the infected person.

Probability of being infected

Less than 1 percent
5 to 20
80 to 100

KENNEDY ELLIOTT, NG STAFF. ART BY TAYLOR MAGGIACOMO.

SOURCES: HOWARD WEISS, PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY; VICKI HERTZBERG, EMORY UNIVERSITY

The “FlyHealthy Research Team” observed the behaviors of passengers and crew on 10 transcontinental U.S. flights of about three and a half to five hours. Led by Emory University's Vicki Stover Hertzberg and Howard Weiss, they not only looked at how people moved about the cabin, but also at how that affected the number and duration of their contacts with others. The team wanted to estimate how many close encounters might allow for transmission during transcontinental flights.

“Suppose you’re seated in an aisle seat or a middle seat and I walk by to go to the lavatory,” says Weiss, professor of biology and mathematics at Penn State University. “We’re going to be in close contact, meaning we’ll be within a meter. So if I’m infected, I could transmit to you...Ours was the first study to quantify this.”

As the study revealed in 2018, most passengers left their seat at some point—generally to use the restroom or check the overhead bins—during these medium-haul flights. Overall, 38 percent of passengers left their seats once and 24 percent more than once. Another 38 percent of people stayed in their seats throughout the entire flight.

This activity helps pinpoint the safest places to sit. The passengers who were least likely to get up were in window seats: only 43 percent moved around as opposed to 80 percent of people seated on the aisle.

Accordingly, window seat passengers had far fewer close encounters than people in other seats, averaging 12 contacts compared to the 58 and 64 respective contacts for passengers in middle and aisle seats.

Choosing a window seat and staying put clearly lowers your likelihood of coming into contact with an infectious disease. But, as you can see in the accompanying graphic, the team’s model shows that passengers in middle and aisle seats—even those that are within the WHO’s two-seat range—have a fairly low probability of getting infected.

Weiss says that’s because most contact people have on airplanes is relatively short.

“If you’re seated in an aisle seat, certainly there will be quite a few people moving past you, but they’ll be moving quickly,” Weiss says. “In aggregate, what we show is there’s quite a low probability of transmission to any particular passenger.”

The story changes if the ill person is a crew member. Because flight attendants spend much more time walking down the aisle and interacting with passengers, they are more likely to have additional—and longer—close encounters. As the study stated, a sick crew member has a probability of infecting 4.6 passengers, “thus, it is imperative that flight attendants not fly when they are ill.”

What does it mean for the new coronavirus?
As Weiss points out, we don’t know yet the preferred way that the new coronavirus transmits. It could be primarily through respiratory droplets, physical contact with saliva or diarrhea followed by oral consumption of viral material, or perhaps even aerosols.

He notes that this model doesn’t include the transmission of aerosols, though the FlyHealthy team hopes to research this topic in the future. In the study, the researchers also warn that this model cannot be directly extrapolated for long-haul flights or airplanes with more than one aisle.

Landon agrees that we don’t yet know how the coronavirus transmits, but believes the results of this study are applicable. All previous coronaviruses have transmitted through droplets, she notes, so it would be unusual if this new pathogen was different. And indeed, the new coronavirus is behaving much like SARS in many respects. Both are zoonotic, meaning they started in animals before jumping to humans, and both appear to have started in bats. The pair also transmit from human to human and have a long incubation period—up to 14 days for the Wuhan coronavirus, compared to about two for influenza—which means that people might be sick and transmitting the disease before symptoms show up.

With all that in mind, Landon suggests following the CDC guidance for infectious diseases when you’re on an airplane.

That includes washing your hands with regular soap or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer after touching any surface—especially since there’s evidence that coronaviruses last longer on surfaces than other illnesses, around three to 12 hours.

You should also avoid touching your face and contact with coughing passengers by whatever means possible.

What’s worse, the coronavirus or influenza?
There are many ways to estimate the risk posed by a disease, but let’s focus on two numbers often used by public health researchers: the reproduction number and the case-fatality ratio.
The reproduction number—R0 or “r naught”—simply refers to the number of additional people that an infected person typically makes sick. Maia Majumder, a faculty member at Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, has been tracking exactly that.

Her preliminary results indicate a transmissibility rate for the new coronavirus ranging from 2.0 to 3.1 people. That’s higher than influenza—1.3 to 1.8—but similar to SARS, which has a basic reproduction number in the 2 to 4 range. So, coronaviruses are slightly more prone to spreading between people.

With flu we have vaccines, a couple antivirals. We don’t have those for this coronavirus.
ARNOLD MONTO, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
The case-fatality ratio—or death-to-case ratio—is the number of people killed by disease divided by the number of people who catch it. Seasonal influenza, despite being considered a global scourge, technically kills a relatively small proportion of its cases, with a case-fatality ratio around 0.1 percent. The reason the flu is an annual public health emergency is because it infects boatloads of people—35.5 million in the U.S. across 2018 and 2019, which led to 490,000 hospitalizations and 34,200 deaths. That’s why health officials perpetually recommend that people receive a flu shot.

The case-fatality ratio also helps explain why public health agencies send up alerts over emerging outbreaks of coronaviruses. SARS had a case-fatality rate of 10 percent, about 100 times higher than influenza, and the rate for the new coronavirus is currently near 3 percent, which is on par with the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic.

If SARS or the Wuhan coronavirus ever reached millions of people, it could be devastating. Unlike with influenza, Landon says, the entire human population is susceptible to this coronavirus because no one has ever had it before—and there is no specific treatment like a vaccine.

Health officials and the public are dependent on infection control, such as washing hands, reducing contact with afflicted individuals and quarantines. Monto suggests that these public health measures could make a difference in turning the tide against this coronavirus as they did with SARS.

“That’s the hope here, that it can be controlled by standard public health measures—because that’s what we’ve got,” he says. “With flu we have vaccines, a couple antivirals. We don’t have those for this coronavirus.”

Editor’s Note: This story originally published on January 28, 2020. It has been updated to reflect the latest statistics and news on airline cancellations.


2019-nCoV


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